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Catholic religious order
Catholic religious orders are, historically, a category of Catholic religious institutes.
Subcategories are canons regular (canons and canonesses regular who recite the divine office and serve a church and perhaps a parish); monastics (monks or nuns living and working in a monastery and reciting the divine office); mendicants (friars or religious sisters who live from alms, recite the divine office, and, in the case of the men, participate in apostolic activities); and clerks regular (priests who take religious vows and have a very active apostolic life).
In the past, what distinguished religious orders from other institutes was the classification of the vows that the members took in religious profession as solemn vows. According to this criterion, the last religious order founded was that of the Bethlehem Brothers in 1673.〔Álvarez Gómez, Jesús, C.M.F., ''Historia de la vida religiosa,'' Volume III, Publicaciones Claretianas, Madrid, 1996.〕 Nevertheless, in the course of the 20th century some religious institutes outside the category of orders obtained permission to make solemn vows, at least of poverty, thus blurring the distinction.
== Essential distinguishing mark ==
Solemn vows were originally considered indissoluble. As noted below, dispensations began to be granted in later times, but originally not even the Pope could dispense from them.〔Thomas Aquinas, ''Summa Theologica'', II-II, q. 88, a.11〕 If for a just cause a religious order was expelled, the vow of chastity remained unchanged and so rendered invalid any attempt at marriage, the vow of obedience obliged in relation, generally, to the bishop rather than to the religious superior, and the vow of poverty was modified to meet the new situation but the expelled religious "could not, for example, will any goods to another; and goods which came to him reverted at his death to his institute or to the Holy See".〔(Paul M. Quay, "Renewal of Religious Orders, or Destruction?", in ''Commentarium pro Religiosis et Missionariis'', vol. 65 (1984), pp. 77-86 )〕
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